Owning various forms and numerous incarnations, this typology has shaped the study of religions both new and traditional.
Third, we have selected works that are representative of the academic study of new religious movements (NRMs), with a range of methodological approaches being included, including sociology, cultural studies, anthropology, and psychology. Even social functional approaches that focus upon the necessity of good works, for instance, are refuted by modern Paganism’s concerns for environmental respect and co-habitation with all creatures, and, in another context, the Holy Order of MANS’s dedication to charitable works (Lucas 1995). This volume focuses upon the relationships between NRMs and their ‘mainstream’ host cultures, exploring the category itself within the academy, issues of secularisation and sacralisation, and in relation to particular spheres of engagement such as political, legal, and cultural terrains.
The nature of new religion, be it in relation to movements, groups, or more personalised and idiosyncratic forms, is that its newness is dependant upon its context, irrespective of the time period in question. A secondary area of interest is the material culture that new religions UFO and alien-based religions emerged in the wake of World War II, drawing upon both the ‘materialist’ sightings of flying saucers by Kenneth Arnold and the Roswell Incident, both in 1947 (Partridge 2005, 170-171), and the ‘spiritual’ concept of the Ascended Masters from the Theosophical Society (founded 1875) tradition, which was extended to include extra-terrestrials, in addition to the dead, The Church of the SubGenius, usually regarded as a "parody religion," offers a sophisticated critique of Western values focused on resistance to a consumerist conspiracy. New Religious Movements, Cults, New Age and related Phenomena. While in no way desirous of perpetuating such a gendered approach, the dearth of alternative scholarly selections largely forced our hands. Viewed from within this theological worldview, suicide births the human individual into the ‘Next Level’, just as eschatological destruction of the Earth (or even the universe), is similarly understood as a positive transformation that births a new world, the ‘new Heaven and new Earth’ of Revelation in the Bible. Fantasy and Belief explores the context and implications of these types of beliefs through the example of the Otherkin community. Siddhartha Gautama’s initiating of the Buddhist religion was effectively a reform of the Vedic tradition, as was Jainism, associated with Buddha’s contemporary Vardhamana Mahavira (Schwartz 1975). The dread of Satanism, and its conflation with murder and child abuse within the 1980s, for instance, was manifest not just in a hyperbolic media but also reflected within governmental domains (Jenkins 2004; Richardson and Bromley 1991). New Religious Movements is a highly unique volume, bringing together primary documents conveying the words and ideas of a wide array of new religious movements (NRMs), and offering a first-hand look into their belief systems. Third, we have selected works that are representative of the academic study of new religious movements (NRMs), with a range of methodological approaches being included, including sociology, cultural studies, anthropology, and psychology. I AM, which referred to ‘Ascended Masters’, the heartland in this framing, with mainline denominations as normative. Not only in terms of its association with mysticism and individualism, but more importantly emphasising its non-institutional ‘outsider’ status, the ‘cult’ of Troeltsch’s typology the ‘new religion’ that scholars employ in the present. Thus Mormonism, once held to be the quintessential American NRM, has across its almost 200 year history become progressively more comfortable within its host cultures and found increasing, if not widespread, acceptance (Swatos 2012; Stark 1984; Bowman 2011). The Chicago Parliament of the World’s Religions in 1893 further exposed the West to ‘Eastern’ religion, featuring representatives from Hinduism (including P. C. Majumdar of the Brahmo Samaj, and who later founded the reformist Ramakrishna Math), Buddhism, and the new religions of Theosophy and Christian Science. The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements covers the current state of the field and breaks new ground. Whatever the basis of the claims examined and analyzed, there is growing evidence that belief in the satanic menace will have real social consequences in the years ahead.
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