The ice cream flavors are a nod to Smallcakes’s famous cupcake recipes. The rebuttal fared poorly, as Veltmann was able to elicit from them: that some of the accused men had not been informed they could refuse to make a statement; that some of the interrogations had taken place with an armed sentry standing guard; that very few of the prisoners' explanations that they had been afraid of another explosion had been included in the statements; and that the officers had emphasized portions of the interrogations that would satisfy Coakley's requirement for evidence of conspiracy. Ninety-six of 104 refused and were sent to the prison barge, but all of these men agreed to work after hearing Admiral Wright's speech on August 11; none of Morehouse's men were on trial for mutiny. Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial. Ice Cream. 0000001291 00000 n
Nevertheless, countless African-Americans like Joseph “Joe” Small, Percy Robinson, Robert Routh, and Spencer Sikes enlisted to defend America for various reasons. The Navy jailed them for mutiny. The men were arrested and tried for mutiny. Lieutenant Tobin (no relation to Commander Joseph R. Tobin) related that 87 of his men initially refused to work but that number was reduced to 22 after Admiral Wright talked about the firing squad.
"U.S. Navy Historical Page. Tobin verified that the men were not aggressive or disrespectful. Despite this, Joe Small and the others in his basic training class still looked forward to serving America, though they were disappointed in being relegated to shore work. In principle, this ruling was favorable, but in practice it would benefit the men only if the court had been attentively keeping notes for each accused man. But Joe Small said no anyway. everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of The Port Chicago 50. Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial. Veltmann pointed out that few of the accused had been ordered to load ammunition, meaning that they could not all be guilty of the charge of disobeying orders. 0000004519 00000 n
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Directly after the court closed the case, Marshall sent a letter to Secretary Forrestal asking why only blacks were assigned the task of loading munitions, why they had not been trained for that task, why they were forced to compete for speed, why they were not given survivor's leaves, and why they had not been allowed to rise in rank.
The next day, Coakley gave the press a statement accusing Veltmann of coaching McPherson.October 9, 1944, was another in a string of days consisting of accused men testifying on the witness stand. Coakley entered into the record his definition of mutiny: "Collective insubordination, collective disobedience of lawful orders of a superior officer, is mutiny.
Tobin affirmed that one of the accused men from Division Two was permanently assigned the job of cook because he weighed 104 lb (47 kg) and was considered too small to safely load ammo.The next few days of testimony were filled with accounts from African-American enlisted men from Divisions Two, Four and Eight, who were not standing accused of mutiny. Two formal lectures and several informal lectures were given to the enlisted men by commanding officers, but follow-up confirmation of retained knowledge did not take place. A black petty officer under Delucchi testified that he had heard no derogatory remarks or conspiratorial comments and that it had been a surprise to everybody when all of the men suddenly refused to march toward the docks on August 9.Marshall held another press conference on October 17 to announce that the NAACP was requesting a formal government investigation into the working conditions that had led the men to strike.
when their actions concerning loading ammunition after the explosion were not significantly different from the other 208 men. The cause of the explosions was not known, but Small and his men were commended for the way they handled the situation, putting out fires and assisting with rescue efforts. In the 1990s, it was declared that the work loading ammunition that Smalls and the other black men were ordered to do was indeed the result of racism – but convictions of mutiny remain to the present day because no evidence was found of racism in the trial itself.
To a man, Division Eight chose to obey all orders. However, they were haunted for the rest of their lives by the events of the explosion and trial.
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